Charles Pankow Research Grants

Charles Pankow Research Grants is sponsored by Charles Pankow Foundation. The Charles Pankow Foundation funds research initiatives and delivers solutions to the design and construction industry, with a focus on areas like concrete, sustainability (including carbon reduction), building information modeling, and construction means and methods.

The Charles Pankow Foundation leads industry collaborations, funds research initiatives, and delivers solutions to the design and construction industry. The resulting work product is publicly shared for collective use and industry change. Our work has relevance across the industry for owners and developers, designers, builders, material suppliers, and others.

Explore our work, find practical solutions, and innovate on your projects.

* Building Information Modeling * Construction Means and Methods * Performance-Based Design To enhance the ability of leaders and building design and construction project teams to innovate in the delivery of construction projects through integrated project delivery processes, by identifying the factors that impact innovation on a project and the practices and processes that encourage and facilitate innovation.

To address the need for quantum-level improvements in the design, specification, and construction of cast-in-place concrete and its interfaces with other elements as related to dimensional tolerances. The research seeks to determine, analytically and without bias, the influence that project delivery methods can have on achieving sustainable, high performance building projects.

Goals for this project are to provide building owners, planners, designers, constructors and operators with recommendations, tools and guidelines for (a) determining the most effective delivery and project management strategies, and for (b) applying best practices by which project teams can capitalize on the delivery method selected.

Owner organizations play a vital role in the effectiveness of a building project team by defining their needs early and by understanding how the project team will author and employ the building information throughout the planning, design, construction, and turnover work. From initial research it has been found that very few owners define their actual needs, nor realize how this information can be leveraged in their management systems.

To maximize operational efficiency in the utilization of BIM, an organization must develop an understanding of the operating systems within their organization, and how BIM can add value to their day-to-day activities. The goal of this research project is to develop and broadly disseminate a Guide for Owners that will provide a structured procedure for planning and implementing BIM within their organization.

The research proposed here will seek to improve understanding of the impact of high strength on modern concrete construction in the United States by developing comparative design data.

Specifically, design of structural components from a series of buildings designed recently for construction in the United States using Grade 60 reinforcing steel will be redesigned using high strength steel with yield strength ranging from 80 ksi to 110 ksi. Building component designs typical of regions of low, moderate and high seismicity will be considered.

A benchmarking framework is needed to document and measure current and future-state processes in masonry design and construction. This framework should define how to describe and classify the people, tools, materials and information used in masonry processes in different project phases and on different building types. The framework also includes metrics for measuring the value (costs and benefits) of these BIM processes.

With this framework in place, we can then observe, document, measure, and compare the impact of current and future state processes. With sufficient case studies, we will then be able to develop hypotheses about which BIM-based processes can provide the greatest business value for our masonry industry stakeholders. This proposal defines several tasks to achieve these objectives.

Limited tests are available that investigate the relation between bend diameter and the ductility, or conversely the brittleness, of reinforcing bars at bends. No such tests exist for the newly developed high-strength reinforcement having yield strengths of 80 and 100 ksi.

There are three categories of experimental tests that are useful for investigating the behavior of bends in reinforcing bars, with each category of tests geared to answer a particular question: - Visual inspections of bends (ASTM bend tests) Tall buildings in regions of high seismicity commonly are designed by performance-based approaches.

These approaches enable the efficient design of buildings that are taller and that use materials, systems, and devices that might not be permitted under the prescriptive provisions of building codes. Many of these buildings are designed under the Guidelines for Performance-Based Seismic Design (PBSD) of Tall Buildings, Version 1. 0 (TBI Guidelines, 2010).

The TBI Guidelines were developed under the auspices of the Tall Buildings Initiative of the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER). In a rapidly developing engineering field, however, the TBI Guidelines have become partially out of date. This project will develop, write, and publish Version 2.

0 of the TBI Guidelines, bringing the document fully up to date with current knowledge. The proposed research will include surveying the thousands of individuals who have previously attended BIMForum conferences since 2008 to document their current usage of BxP and BIM in general. This research will be conducted under the direction of the BIMForum BIM Execution Plan (BxP) taskforce.

The BIMForum's research will include online assessments, online video interviews, as well as in person interviews. This work will also collaborate with the Structural Engineering Institute's (SEI) BIM Committees national BIM Survey data from 2005 to 2016 and the National Institute of Steel Detailer's research in BIM and BxP usage in structural steel fabrication modeling.

The BxP research would also include collaboration with the Precast Concrete Institute (PCI), BIM for Masonry (BIM-M) and the American Concrete Institute (ACI). This effort will also include the input from the Associated General Contractors of America (AGC), American Institute of Architects, and the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC).

The Structural Engineering Institute (SEI) of ASCE is pursuing, as part of its Vision, the advancement of performance based design. The 2016 edition of ASCE 7 Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures, introduced the target reliability tables into the basic requirements for structural design within Chapter 1 General Provisions.

As part of the pathway to develop and provide a performance-based design approach for wind, system reliability targets must be developed into the basic requirements to achieve target performance objectives corresponding to various levels of wind hazard. Previously funded, ongoing work to develop system reliabilities for wind needs to be peer reviewed and proposed into the consensus process of ASCE 7-22 for inclusion into Chapter 1.

Furthermore, there is no existing guidance for designers on how to conceive of a performance-based approach for wind beyond the ASCE 7 provisions that permit its use. There is an increasing economic incentive to use Grade 80 and Grade 100 reinforcing steel in seismic and non-seismic applications.

The Charles Pankow Foundation (CPF) has led a coordinated research program to advance the use of high-strength reinforcement in buildings assigned to all Seismic Design Categories. The CPF program has addressed the market for high-strength reinforcement, mechanical properties of high-strength reinforcement, reinforcement detailing requirements, and structural elements including beams, columns, walls, and coupling beams.

The goal of this research project is to develop recommendations for the safe and efficient design of thick foundation mats using high-strength reinforcement. These elements are critical to the performance of many buildings. They are also elements where high-strength reinforcement is likely to see extensive use.

Previous tests have demonstrated that shear strength is sensitive to (a) thickness of structural member (the so-called size effect) and (b) flexural tension strain and crack width. Foundation mats with high strength reinforcement typically are thick and will have higher average tensile strains and crack widths than foundation mats using Grade 60 reinforcement, leading to questions about available shear strength.

This research is to conduct tests on two deep, one-way beams to explore shear strength and minimum shear reinforcement requirements for deep foundation elements using high-strength reinforcement. Rebar cages are the skeleton of reinforced concrete components commonly used in building construction. Deep foundations in many types of buildings and civil works utilize Cast-in-Drilled Hole (CIDH) piles and/or slurry wall foundations (SWF).

The largest and heaviest rebar cages on the jobsite are those used in SWF and CIDH piles. A rebar cage collapse during their construction would create a critical safety hazard for construction crew, and subsequent legal litigation, construction schedule delays, and thus, excessive cost and losses.

The industry currently lacks proper engineering design and detailing procedure to safeguard the stability of these rebar cages in various construction stages. This experimental research will examine the behavior of CIDH/SWF rebar cages using innovative mechanical connectors (U-bolts, threaded rod with plate, and wire rope connectors) during various types of loading conditions.

Strength values of the various mechanical connectors will be published. This information will be used to: - Establish rapid assessment and safety evaluation for CIDH/SWF rebar cages. - Develop a procedure to predict the distribution of the internal forces in CIDH/SWF cages during all phases of construction.

- Establish guidelines and better practices for constructing and handling CIDH/SWF rebar cages. The results of this research will help inform industry design guidelines for fabrication and site handling of large rebar cages utilizing innovative mechanical connectors. The results of the proposed study will also be applicable to rebar cages of above grade columns.

Unlike seismic design, where performance-based design has become common in areas with high seismic hazards, wind design is still based on prescriptive code provisions and linear elastic response under ASCE 7 strength-level demands.

In some locations, use of prescriptive wind design provisions leads to significantly higher costs and unintended negative consequences, e.g., for elements or actions that are capacity-protected as part of the seismic design such as the foundation, diaphragms, and wall shear.

Developing and implementing performance-based wind design (PBWD), where limited nonlinearity is allowed in ductile elements/actions, offers substantial advantages over use of prescriptive code approaches and addresses these critical issues for both design of new buildings and evaluation of existing buildings, both in the US and around the world.

The objectives of the research are to conduct large-scale testing on ordinary reinforced concrete walls with C-shaped and rectangular cross-sections to develop performance-based wind design (PBWD) recommendations for ACI Committees 375 and 318.

The study focuses on “ordinary” structural walls because they, along with coupling beams, provide the lion’s share of the building lateral strength and stiffness needed to limit damage to both structural and nonstructural elements during strong windstorms.

This research initiatives investigation of a new, modular steel floor framing and diaphragm system for commercial building structures with broad applicability, including high seismic zones. The proposed system has key benefits of increasing the speed of construction, including eliminating the pouring of a concrete deck.

This type of system is key to achieving the goals of the AISC Need for Speed initiative to reduce the time from conception to occupancy for steel building structures. The current state of practice for evaluating spandrel assembly thermal performance is lacking, and analytical approaches are inconsistent. Building codes and standards are also inadequate, leading to variable design execution on projects.

While energy codes have become more stringent, spandrel assembly technologies have largely remained the same. There is a need for improved design guidelines, to bring consistency to calculation methods, to identify opportunities to improve materials, details, and systems, and inform future code provisions. This is Phase 2 of a four-phase research program to produce a Design Guidance Document.

This Phase 2 scope will engage in an iterative approach of testing and modeling to develop a validated thermal simulation procedure. The Engineering Team developed a detailed plan in collaboration with Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Birch Point Consulting that includes testing and modeling of six common spandrel system types (test articles), each with up to three variations for a total of 18 variants (tests).

This research is conducted by the team of RDH Building Science, Inc. (RDH),Simpson Gumpertz & Heger (SGH), and Morrison Hershfield (MH). The US Department of Energy is key to the project through involvement by both Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) and ORNL. The American Institute of Architects (AIA) is also involved with the project.

Phase II objective is to understand the failure mechanism of rebar cages and provide practical analysis, design, and detailing guidelines to prevent failure of below-ground rebar cages reinforced with mechanical connectors as well as above-ground cages that may be braced by wire ropes (guy wires).

Phase II aims to leverage the knowledge gained in Phase I and understand the failure mechanism of rebar cages under lateral loading conditions through uneven tightening of wire ropes (guy wires), environmental loads, or accidental loads. These conditions are, for example, common during the installation of above-ground rebar cages.

The objective is to provide practical analysis, design, and detailing guidelines to prevent failure of rebar cages reinforced with mechanical connectors. This research initiatives investigation of a new, modular steel floor framing and diaphragm system for commercial building structures with broad applicability, including high seismic zones.

The proposed system has key benefits of increasing the speed of construction, including eliminating the pouring of a concrete deck. This type of system is key to achieving the goals of the AISC Need for Speed initiative to reduce the time from conception to occupancy for steel building structures.

Phase 3 will continue development of the modular floor system prototype, continue additional documentation/re-design of building archetypes that utilize the FastFloor system as the module evolves over the life of the project, and conduct analysis of the archetype building(s) to predict their expected structural behavior under predominantly (a) gravity loading and (b) lateral loading.

The research will also characterize all critical connections that are (a) part of the FastFloor module and (b) would be necessary for connection in an actual building and conduct non-structural vibration and acoustic tests with fire consultation with the Industry Advisory Panel.

To develop a precast concrete diaphragm system comprised of untopped double tee units and a combination of ductile and strong connectors, using full-scale testing of components and half-scale shake table testing.

Through nearly full-scale testing of reinforced concrete coupling beams with embedded structural steel sections, assess the behavior, modeling, and detailing required for structural steel reinforced coupling beams subjected to reversed cyclic loading. Extrapolation of prior tests on relatively small sections to such large sections has yielded questionable results.

In the proposed test program, large scale tests will be conducted on realistic scale specimens to address this gap. Test results will be synthesized and presented to ACI and ASCE Committees as a proposed code change for incorporation into the next cycle of the IBC and material codes.

The tall building design community is in need of a testing program aimed at resolving the requirements for beam hoop reinforcement necessary to achieve adequate performance in large beams in special moment resisting frames (SMRF) in seismic environments. Reinforced concrete SMRFs are a common lateral force resisting system in regions of high seismicity.

For tall reinforced concrete SMRF systems, beam cross sections with depth as large as 4 feet are not uncommon. Amount of confinement reinforcement for beam plastic hinges is still a matter of discussion, especially for higher concrete compressive strengths. No test data exist for large members to verify the adequacy of such hoop layout and spacing in satisfying the large plastic rotation demands for major earthquakes.

It is important to establish the appropriate requirements. The results of this research study will be proposed for adoption as an ACI 318 code provision that will ensure improved seismic performance of certain reinforced concrete moment frame buildings.

To understand experimentally the effects of dynamic loading on precast concrete cladding façade systems, allowing a newly realistic assessment of the performance of the concrete cladding, its steel connections, and punch-out windows. A full-scale 5-story concrete frame building will be tested with seismic loading on the NEES@UCSD outdoor shake table.

The building will be equipped with cladding details associated with current practice, as well as develop new innovative details designed to minimize damage. These unique full-scale tests will result in performance data of both existing and newly developed cladding subsystems, under realistic dynamic loading environments that the panel assemblies must endure in the field.

The project will produce an empirical guide to successful owner practices regarding roles, team integration, team behavior, delivery method, and project performance in the building design and construction industry. The research will develop a project delivery performance database that will support a variety of near-term and long-term products.

The database will be the engine that informs a series of project deliverables to include owner's manuals, written for various industry sectors and experience levels, which offer how-to guidance for setting up and participating in a successful project. The primary benefit to the construction industry is to provide a repeatable process for making highly effective, key project decisions.

The researchers will work with the industry champions to ensure that the research products are relevant and contain concise, fact-based information for owner decision-making. The team will proactively disseminate these products through industry and academic channels for a wide and lasting benefit.

Phase Two - DESIGN: Phase Two of the National BIM Standard process involves translation of the exchange requirements into IFC-based code, and instructions for translator implementation by software companies. Phase One identified three critical exchanges and two priority exchanges as the focus for Phase Two. Model View Definitions (MVDs) that realize the requirements of these exchanges will be generated.

The steps in this phase include innovations developed by the Technical Support Team (For members, see Appendix) and will utilize Semantic Exchange Modules (SEMs).

The proposed research is aimed at evaluating various types of fiber reinforced concretes (FRCs) for use in earthquake-resistant coupling beams in order to simplify reinforcement detailing by reducing reliance on diagonal and transverse reinforcement required for adequate seismic performance. The results of the research will support a code change allowing for the more efficient use of fiber reinforced concretes for coupling beams.

In this project the Georgia Tech team will depart to a degree from our previous approach of being platform neutral. Though we fully support the Open BIM approach and will develop neutral schemas (i.e., IFCs) for masonry wall information models in Phase III, we recognize that Autodesk Revit is the one of the primary BIM authoring tool in use in North America.

Therefore, we feel that for maximum impact, we should focus on a single BIM authoring tool first, in order to lead others by example. However it is important to point out our commitment to make our work extensible to other BIM systems through the development of neutral specifications.

Therefore, we feel that for maximum impact, we should focus on Revit, while also ensuring that our work is extensible to other BIM systems through the development of IFCs. This project will help establish cyclic deformation (strain) demands and acceptance criteria for low-cycle fatigue resistance of steel reinforcement in concrete structures subjected to earthquakes.

Together with supporting data and information from other research involving testing of reinforced concrete components, the data on cyclic loading demands and reliability- based acceptance criteria that are developed through this project will facilitate the safe use of HS reinforcement in seismic force resisting systems.

The key objectives of this project are to (1) develop a reliability-based methodology for determining the minimum required low-cycle fatigue resistance of steel reinforcement in the seismic design of concrete structures, (2) apply the methodology to assess the cyclic strain/deformation demands in concrete components for a series of archetype concrete shear wall and frame building structures subjected to earthquakes, and (3) develop acceptance criteria for steel reinforcement in concrete structures, which are consistent with the seismic reliability criteria for buildings in ASCE 7 and related building code standards.

To support the adoption of high strength reinforcement (fy > 60 ksi) into widespread use, it is fundamental that appropriate development and splice lengths be calculated. This need is outline in the roadmap for the use of high strength reinforced as presented in ATC 1151. Designers need an expression that is codified for use in practice.

This research will develop a design expression which will be proposed for adoption by ACI 318 and will enable appropriate design and detailing of concrete structures containing high strength reinforcement. The research will address splices for seismic and non-seismic applications. Special attention shall be given to splicing of high- strength reinforcement at the bases of walls for structures required to resist earthquake demands.

Current regulations do not allow lap splices in or near plastic hinges in beams and columns, but that is not the case for structural walls. This is of potential concern because 1) designers today rely more on walls and less on frames for lateral resistance and 2) the following issues indicate a need to revisit the subject of lap splices.

The goal of this research is to empirically compare the cost, schedule and quality performance of design-bid-build, construction manager at risk and design-build delivery methods.

Using the same methodology as employed by Konchar and Sanvido (1998), but with a data set of contemporary projects, the comparison will leverage a mixed-method approach, split into two main phases: (I) prediction of performance through multiple linear regression modeling and (II) assessment of model robustness and validity through case studies.

The reinforced concrete construction industry increasingly is using continuously wound ties (CWT) constructed of a single piece of reinforcement. CWTs improve construction speed, and when made of High-Strength Steel can alleviate rebar congestion and reduce the total amount of reinforcement.

The term CWTs can refer to either: (1) a circular or rectangular helical made of a single piece of reinforcing bar; or (2) a single hoop set with multiple legs made of a single piece of reinforcing steel. This research will focus on the second type. The current ACI 318 Code considers CWTs to be equivalent to a conventional hoop set made up of individual pieces of reinforcement.

A performance better than conventional hoops is expected because most of the legs in CWTs do not need to rely on development length of hooked bars. Physical testing is needed to evaluate performance of CWTs (fabricated from ASTM A706 Grade 60 and ASTM A615 Grade 100) as well as their configuration limitations.

It is likely that the expected improved performance may be considered in Code provisions, thereby reducing reinforcement quantities and congestion, enhancing confinement effectiveness in high-strength concrete (HSC), and improving the utilization of HSS.

Provide experimentally-verified bolted splice details for Composite Plate Shear Walls—Concrete Filled (SpeedCore) for use across the nation in those regions where field bolted splices are preferred over welded ones. This includes non-seismic regions, regions of moderate seismicity, and where wind demands exceed elastic seismic demands and govern splice design.

Cyclic response up to the limits permitted by the ASCE Pre-standard for Performance-Based Wind Design may also be considered. Final Report pending technical review. The research sought to determine key owner decision-making characteristics that impact project delivery method outcomes.

Based on our understanding of the impact, we developed a tool that owners and project teams could use to understand how an owner's decision-making profile impacts outcomes for different project delivery methods.

To determine key decision-making characteristics, we conducted an extensive review of business,management, and organizational literature on decision-making, which covered decision-making speed, organizational change, and innovation.

Out of this review, we identified fourteen important decision-making characteristics, eventually narrowing our selection down to seven that are most relevant to building owner decisions around capital projects. These seven became our Decisionmaking Profile Characteristics (DMPC). We then conducted an extensive review of literature related to project delivery methods (PDM) and PDM selection in architecture/engineering/construction(AEC).

Out of this review, we identified nine factors affecting the success of a project. These became the Project Delivery Method Criteria (PDMC). Next, we needed to assess how the DMPC impacted each PDMC.

We conducted an industry survey of owners that asked participants about the decision-making characteristics that impacted project delivery selection. We also asked participants to reflect on a specific project they had worked on to reflect on the relationships between their DMPCs and the project outcomes.

The survey resulted in 278 cases with 109 cases extracted for further analysis-consisting of 68 cases with 100% complete responses, 32 cases with 90% complete responses, and 9 cases with 80% complete responses.

With these 109 cases we conducted data analysis including, but not limited to, data wrangling, data cleaning, data pre-processing, exploratory data analysis, data visualization, respondents and projects demographics analysis, Pearson correlation, and linear regression. Mass timber construction is gaining great interest in recent years from the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry.

While a number of mass timber building have been built, most of them locate in low-seismic regions with non-wood lateral systems such as concrete core or steel braced frame. Mass timber rocking wall lateral system have been studied quite extensively and the knowledge and R&D deliverables have been accumulated to a point that this new system can be codified into ASCE 7.

This project will conduct a FEMA P695 study to determine seismic design parameters for this new mass timber lateral system for ASCE7 adoption.

This project represents an essential step to codify the first resilient wood-based lateral system in the U.S. This research evaluates how alternative forms of Design-Build (DB) project delivery methods, such as progressive DB and the use of target pricing, address risk and insurance challenges for the engineering and design community.

The goal of this research is to provide data driven guidance for owners regarding successful practices to implement alternative forms of DB. **Objective:** The objective of this research is to provide owners and industry members with guidance to implement alternative forms of DB in an effort to reduce risk and insurance challenges in project delivery.

The working hypothesis is that alternative forms of DB, such as those that use Qualification-Based Selection (QBS) and target pricing, can address the challenges that face owners and industry partners. This work will use rigorous research methods to collect firm and project data and evaluate the impact of alternative forms of DB.

The outcome of this research will be guidance and recommendations to avoid significant claims and delays that are being experienced on large DB projects. To develop a design procedure for the Corrugated Sheet Steel Shear Wall (CSSSW) lateral bracing system for inclusion into the ASCE-7 code document.

The proposed lateral bracing system utilizes a low profile metal deck as sheathing fastened to light-framed cold-formed steel framing using screws. The CSSSW is the key element of a new lateral bracing system for use with light-framed, cold-formed steel buildings.

The lateral load resistance of this structural element originates with the shear strength of the corrugated sheet steel and the shear resistance of the screws connecting the sheeting to the cold-formed steel framing.

To develop performance-based seismic design guidelines, ready for adoption by local jurisdictions and code-writing organizations, to facilitate the rapid acceptance of tall buildings in seismically active regions designed by alternative procedures.

To develop an innovative, economical building wall system that can survive a large earthquake with little damage, that will prove superior to conventional structural systems in speed, cost and durability. Proposed is a hybrid precast concrete wall system which combines mild steel reinforcement with high-strength post-tensioning steel to resist lateral forces.

The objective of the research is to provide the required experimental, analytical and design validation for the classification of hybrid precast wall systems as special reinforced concrete shear walls based on ACI 318 and ACI ITG T5. 1. The research will build on and extend the findings of a recent NSF study to investigate the bidirectional loading effects on C-shaped and core wall configurations.

The scope of the proposed project includes testing of wall subassemblages under bidirectional loading, and the results of previous shake-table tests suggest that bidirectional loading has a significant effect on wall stiffness.

The results of these experimental tests will enable validating response and damage-predication models for both single walls and complete core systems, as well as to develop recommendations for Performance-Based Seismic Design methodologies that account for the effect of bidirectional loading.

The purpose of the research project is to attain test data to confirm and codify a design protocol for a new type of cast-in-place concrete shear wall system that incorporates vertical post-tensioned tendons. The primary research product will be a complete Design Guide ready to be employed on actual commercial building construction projects in all seismic zones.

The defining feature of the hybrid wall system is the rocking/flexural response and self-centering capability provided by un-bonded vertical post-tensioned tendons coupled with the energy dissipation provided by the reinforcing bars. The new system has the potential to significantly reduce the cost of building seismically safe concrete structures using currently available construction methods and materials.

Structural engineers will employ the final work product to design buildings for the ultimate benefit of the general public. Column base connections are arguably the most critical connections in steel moment frames, transferring forces from the entire structure into the foundation.

However, there is very little published information on their rational design, due to the lack of sufficient experimental knowledge regarding these connections. This project will conduct targeted experiments; develop design guidelines and aids, and achieve adoption and codification of these guidelines through a research program involving extensive collaboration between academia and industry.

This project will take the first major step in realizing interoperability standards for reinforced concrete construction in buildings by developing the National BIM Standard for cast-in-place (CIP) concrete. The scope of Phase One is to define CIP concrete workflows and activities in a process map.

Project data exchanges between activities will be identified and documented, and the exchanges will then be specified in terms of their information content. These content definitions become exchange requirements for information exchanges specified in IFC and later implemented by software companies. These requirements are termed the Information Delivery Manual (IDM).

The process for developing an IDM is described in A Guide for Development and Preparation of a National BIM Exchange Standard, published by the Charles Pankow Foundation and PCI in 2010. The proposed work builds significantly on existing research and products recently developed for the precast concrete domain. This first Phase II proposal focuses on the development and prototyping of an electronic data model for masonry units.

In this project, we will work with the initiative's Material Supply Working Group to develop requirements for digital representation of