FY27 Minority Health Month RFP Round 2

FY27 Minority Health Month RFP Round 2 is sponsored by Ohio Commission on Minority Health. This grant supports events and activities during April 2027 (Minority Health Month) that promote health awareness and disease prevention among economically disadvantaged minority populations in Ohio. Applicants must conduct at least two separate activities on two separate days.

FY27 Minority Health Month RFP Round 2 ‌ Ohio Commission on Minority Health FY27 Minority Health Month Request for Proposals Round 2 Application Opens: July 21, 2026 Application Closes: August 28, 2026 Ohio Commission on Minority Health The Ohio Commission on Minority Health (OCMH) announces the availability of funds to support FY27 Minority Health Month (MHM) grants through its MHM RFP .

Grant funds will not exceed $4,000 per applicant agency and the funding level is based on the availability of state funding. The Commission will accept only ONE application per 501 (C) (3) agency. Created in Ohio in 1989, Minority Health Month has been replicated as a national celebration since 2000.

While we believe that the phenomenal participation over the years exemplifies the continued importance of this 30-day campaign, please pay close attention to the following aspects of planning and implementation including but not limited to: Assuring that while MHM is developed to reach minority communities, it serves all Ohioans. Providing virtual and in-person MHM programming is allowed.

Notifying the public of any changes in dates, locations of activities etc., after the closing date for the calendar of events is the sole responsibility of the grantee. Budgetary shifts without an approved budget revision will result in nonpayment. Budget Revision Requests must be submitted no later than February 15, 2027.

Each applicant must conduct at least two separate activities on two separate days during April 2027. Applicants are required to complete a Proposed Event Form (MHM Activity Sheet in MHGM) for each planned MHM event. (This form is located at the end of this RFP document and on the website); and Each funded grant must implement a Satisfaction Survey for each event.

Applicants are welcome to use the Commission’s Satisfaction Survey form which is located at the end of this RFP document. Each applicant must collect participant demographics for each event. Funded applicants will be expected to report on demographics in the final program report.

Funded agencies will be able to attend monthly meetings to ensure compliance with reporting criteria. ELECTRONIC APPLICATION PROCESS - Minority Health Grant Management (MHGM) System Please note all required documents and forms with current dates and required signatures must be uploaded in the MHGM to be considered for funding.

All agencies who apply for Minority Health Month grant funding are required to have: Current liability insurance (this is still mandatory although the Project Documentation does currently indicate a red asterisk). All signatures on the required forms via either pdfs of actual signatures or electronic signatures with a time/date stamp. All signatures must have current dates.

Please verify that the electronic signature/date is visible when the document is downloaded. Neither typed signatures nor italicized font is permitted New applicants must complete a MHGM New User Registration form to access the system, it is important to allot time for this registration to occur. Registration guidance can be accessed at the following page on our website: https://mih.

ohio. gov/grant-opportunities/register-and-apply Pre-recorded technical assistance sessions on how to access, register and complete a grant application as well as RFP technical assistance are available on the Commission website at https://mih. ohio.

gov/grant-opportunities/annual-grants/minority-health-month-grants on the Grant Opportunities page.

We strongly encourage you to: Read the Request for Proposal; Review and refer to the MHGM Applicant User Guide; Listen to the pre-recorded MHGM system Technical Assistance session Listen to the pre-recorded OCMH Grant Application Technical Assistance webinars for this grant type Review the Strategies for Successful Grant Submission and Implementation.

We strongly advise that you allot sufficient time to allow any questions you may have to be submitted via email and responded to, prior to the application deadline. Staff are only permitted to answer questions via email during open rounds of funding. Typically, responses are posted within 1-2 business days of receipt.

Please send questions to minhealth@mih. ohio. gov. If selected for funding, approved applicants must submit a final program and fiscal report with support documentation for expenditures, an overview of participant demographics and all satisfaction surveys in the MHGM system.

Please note, technical assistance questions will not be answered over weekends prior to the application deadline. Questions posed over each weekend prior to submission will be answered the next business day. Therefore, please submit questions in a timely manner, as described earlier.

Please also note that regardless of the type of event and whether there are other sponsors, the Commission’s interest is in the promotion of good health and disease prevention. All activities must support this goal. Lastly, to be able to implement healthy food demonstrations, to include food selection and food preparation activities, such activities must be conducted by a Licensed or Registered Dietician.

The food demonstration should be “hands on” and provide a transfer of knowledge as documented through an evaluation tool. Submission deadline for this funding opportunity in the MHGM system is 11:59 pm, August 28, 2026. You have our sincere appreciation for the services you provide to improve the health status of Ohioans.

We look forward to your participation in virtual and/or in-person Minority Health Month 2027. Angela C. Dawson, Executive Director Minority Health Month 2027 Technical Assistance Options The Ohio Commission on Minority Health provides pre-recorded MHGM System technical assistance webinar and the pre-recorded MHM RFP technical assistance webinar are located on the Grant Opportunities page at the link listed below.

https://mih. ohio. gov/grant-opportunities/annual-grants/minority-health-month-grants In addition, we will have a live Technical Assistance session.

The schedule for optional online TA session will be available on our website. The session will be conducted on: Wednesday, July 29, 2026, from 10 am – 11 am Microsoft Teams Meeting Link for July 29, 2026 https://teams. microsoft.

com/meet/251214168535772? p=mkEufaCbxAMXqRG3Su Thursday, July 30, 2026, from 1:00 pm – 2:00 pm Microsoft Teams Meeting Link for July 30, 2026 Join: https://teams. microsoft.

com/meet/279796755186965? p=eQlXaEpgnv07RyIIEy All potential applicants are strongly encouraged to view the technical assistance webinar. Frequently Asked Questions During the 2027 MHM RFP period, if questions are received for this grant, the Commission will develop a Frequently Asked Questions and Answers List which will be posted on our website.

Please go to www. mih. ohio.

gov to view. Once on the Commission’s website, navigate to the Grant Opportunities page and scroll down and click on Annual Grants in the left margin and then click on the Minority Health Month Grants box. The FY2027 MHM RFP Questions and Answers will be posted.

If you have any additional questions, feel free to email program or fiscal questions to, minhealth@mih. ohio. gov. Please allow up to 1 – 2 business days and your question will be added to the bottom of the list.

Ohio Commission on Minority Health Request for Proposal FY2027 Minority Health Month Grant In 1989, the Ohio Commission on Minority Health developed the concept of a high-visibility campaign designed to focus on health awareness and disease prevention. In 2000 Minority Health Month became a national celebration.

This 30-day campaign, held in April, consists of numerous activities designed to solicit the interest and participation of minorities or providers of health services to minority populations.

The minority population is defined as economically disadvantaged and includes targeting the following groups: Asian American/Pacific Islanders Hispanics/Latino Americans Native American/ American Indians/ Indigenous people While the month’s focus was designed to reach minority Ohioans, services are provided to anyone who presents for appropriate services.

Demonstration of a positive impact on health knowledge, attitudes and/or practices is an expected outcome of all funded activities. Minority Health Month, established annually by gubernatorial proclamation, focuses attention on the health of Ohio's minority populations. The purpose of the month is to: Promote healthy lifestyles.

Provide crucial information to allow individuals to practice disease prevention. Showcase the resources for, and providers of, grass-roots health care and information. Highlight the resolution of the disparate health conditions between Ohio's minority and non- minority populations.

Gain additional support for the on-going efforts to improve minority health year-round; and Increase the opportunity to collaborate with other community resources locally. The following sections outline critical elements of all MHM activities to include virtual and in-person activities.

The Commission reserves the right to reduce the requested funding level if the applicant is non-responsive to the criteria set forth in this Request for Proposal.

Priority will be given to applications that address one or more of the six diseases/conditions that constitute areas of concern for economically disadvantaged minority populations: Cardiovascular diseases, primarily hypertension For Minority Health Month funding only, the Commission will consider funding projects that address other diseases and conditions that disproportionately affect minorities in Ohio based on documented need.

The Commission is interested in funding projects that are culturally sensitive and target economically disadvantaged African Americans, Asian American Pacific Islanders, Hispanics/Latino Americans, or Native American Indians. Some activities may target a specific segment of the minority population (e.g., men, women, children, teens, senior citizens).

Additional targeting may include those at greatest risk for a specific disease or condition. Therefore, age, gender, occupational, environmental, and/or geographic needs may be critical planning elements. All proposals must satisfy the following minimum performance standards.

Please provide detailed information in your proposal addressing how each standard will be met. A minimum of two separate events on two separate days in April 2027 is required per applicant. Separate means events are provided on different days.

In Person events and food demonstrations must be participatory or interactive in nature and be designed to teach or transfer skills or knowledge through an experientially based, “hands-on” approach. Provide an alternative plan that addresses issues such as weather, speaker cancellations, date change, no show, venue change or low attendance.

All events should be age and culturally appropriate, and linguistically specific (i.e., language accessible to the target group). Events must be held in a healthy and safe environment to include the provision of MHM programming in virtual and or in-person manner such as webinars, zoom meetings, MS Office Team Meetings, or similar web based and multiple line teleconference call – in platforms.

Mandatory reporting of attendance and audience/participant survey feedback is REQUIRED for REIMBURSMENT. Complete the administrative compliance form which is at the end of this application or can be accessed on our website under Annual Grants/Minority Health Month Forms Funded organizations must complete and submit one final program and fiscal report (to include support documents) which are due in MHGM on the date listed in the AOT.

Events should be educational, focused on health awareness and disease prevention . Events where early detection and disease identification activities are provided must incorporate appropriate protocols (pre-screening and /or referrals). Activities must also: Be medically and technically accurate.

Be conducted in a clinically safe environment utilizing standard/universally (acceptable) precautions. Include a referral and follow-up process for people with abnormal screenings. PLEASE NOTE: the provision of follow-up for abnormal screening is not optional.

Applicants must confirm with screening partners that they are able to provide this service. IN ADDITION: Any application providing health screens of any type must confirm with their screening partners that they will release disaggregated results to the grantee to allow for reporting of outcomes to the Commission. All individuals providing any type of health screening MUST BE trained to ensure the screening results are valid.

Include self-help instruction. If performing mammography screenings, grantees must follow Commission guidelines for mammography screening activities. Mammography guidelines are available on the Commission website under the MHM tab.

Show costs based on the number of people screened; and If invasive procedures (please note this is any screening that would prick the skin or enter the body) such as oral exams, pap smears, prostate exam, glucose screens, blood draws, manicures/pedicures and others) will be provided the applicant must: Provide evidence of compliance with licensure standards for the State of Ohio.

Provide documentation of appropriate liability insurance coverage. Failure to do so may result in non-approval/payment for services. Be mindful of other annually scheduled events in your community Spring Break often occurs during the Month of April Holidays such as Easter occur in the month of April Public transportation is reimbursable (i.e., bus passes, uber vouchers, taxis, etc.) for program participants.

Mileage for agency vehicles is reimbursable under administrative costs only. Car rental and reimbursement for gasoline is an unallowable expense. Incentives No cash incentives or awards are allowable .

Gift cards are allowable and must have a description of how they will be distributed based on participation in program activities. Gift cards may not be used to reimburse speakers. Refreshments, sit-down meals, or catering services ARE NOT reimbursable under this grant.

Only events that contain food demonstrations with a Registered or Licensed Dietitian are reimbursable under this grant. Events that include food demonstrations must be accompanied by transference of knowledge (i.e., handouts, recipe cards, cookbooks, etc.) and client participation and must be conducted by a Registered Dietician or Licensed Dietitian. A Registered Dietician/Licensed Dietitian must conduct education and food preparation.

(Note: a caterer or chef cannot approve and supervise such events). Commission funds must not be used to pay for celebrity chefs or food for said chefs to prepare food. Please note that retail sales of products are prohibited at MHM events.

Events that are defined as workshops, training sessions, virtual education sessions , etc. must verify and document that the content is age, gender, culturally and linguistically appropriate for the target population. Documentation must be included in proposals to verify the qualifications of speakers. All MHM activities must be conducted during the month of April 2027 .

Ensure that the dates you choose are realistic, check the availability of space and cost to reserve your date before you submit your proposal. This will help you avoid rescheduling and budget problems before and during MHM. Minority Health Month events must occur at times appropriate for the target population.

For example, agencies should not schedule activities for families between 8 am – 5 pm, Monday through Friday, when many family members are at work or in school. Proposed activities should be appropriate to the time constraints of MHM. For example, a tobacco cessation program may be unrealistic for this campaign with recruitment, retention, and outcome issues.

However, a workshop on the harmful effects of tobacco is appropriate. It is our preference that anticipated participants are not limited to membership of a church, organization, etc. Events should be free and open to the public unless there is a defensible justification for an exclusively internal event. You must complete one Proposed Event Form (MHM Activity Sheet in MHGM) for each MHM event.

For example, all organizations must conduct two events and must submit two completed Proposed Event Forms (MHM Activity Sheets) in MHGM. Some organizations will choose to do multiple events and if so, they must complete and submit an MHM Activity Sheet for each event. For example, if you have four events, you must submit four completed Proposed Event Forms (MHM Activity Sheets) in MHGM.

This form is located on the www. mih. ohio.

gov website, on the Grantee Forms Page, within the MHM documents section. This document will be uploaded in the project documentation section of the MHGM MHM application. Completion includes a 30 word or less description of each event, (written in complete sentences), the date, time, virtual platform (if appropriate) and location of each event as well as contact details of an event staff person up through the day of each event.

If you miss this deadline, we cannot guarantee that your events will appear in the statewide calendar. Please provide accurate event start and end times and event locations . As well as web-based platform type and registration links (if applicable) along with the event location phone numbers, this information will be listed in the annual Minority Health Month calendar distributed by the Commission.

The form can be found on our website at https://mih. ohio. gov/grant-opportunities/annual-grants/minority-health-month-grants on the right hand side MHM-Proposed Event Form.

This completed document for each event must be uploaded to the project documentation section of the MHGM MHM application. Completion includes a 30 word or less description of each event, ( written in complete sentences ), the date, time, and location (or web-based platform) as well as contact details of an event staff person up through the day of each event.

Priority shall be given to applicants who develop services in accordance with the mission of the Commission. All applicants must meet the following eligibility criteria to be considered for Commission funding. Applicants must: Demonstrate that at least 20% of project funds are received from sources other than grants awarded by the Commission on Minority Health.

Be a public or private organization which has a 501(c)(3) at the time of application (this excludes 501(c)(3) applications which are pending). Each application must include a copy of its 501(c)(3) status letter from the IRS. Please Note: prior submission of a 501(c)(3) document in a previous grant application will not be accepted as a means of proving 501(c)(3) status.

Provide services via web-based platforms, or near economically disadvantaged. minority communities or targeted to economically disadvantaged communities in their service area. Provide a street address or P.

O. Box and office phone number for the applicant organization. Only one application per agency will be accepted.

The Ohio Revised Code (O. R. C.)

Section 9. 24 prohibits the State from awarding a contract to any offeror(s) against whom the Auditor of State has issued a finding for recovery if the finding for recovery is “unresolved” at the time of the award. By submitting a proposal, offeror warrants that it i s not now, and will not become a subject of “unresolved” finding for recovery under O.

R. C. 9.

24, prior to the award of any contract arising out of this RFP, without notifying the Commission of such finding. Additionally, it is the policy of the Commission not to award a grant or contract to any offeror that is subject to unresolved findings, debts or monies owed to any other State or Federal governmental entity.

By submitting a proposal, the offeror warrants that it is now, and will not become, subject to unresolved findings, debts or monies owed to any State or Federal governmental entity, without notifying the Commission of such finding. Failure to comply with this requirement will be considered a violation of the terms and conditions of the grant or contract.

The following are ineligible for funding consideration: National organizations: Local chapters or affiliates of national organizations may be eligible if they meet the definition of a "community-based health group. ” Organizations applying for the sole purpose of acquiring funds to supplement existing programs without any plan for enlarging their scope of work.

Organizations in the process of creating or starting a "community-based health group" for the sole purpose of applying for grants from the Commission.

Minority Health Month dollars cannot be used to replicate activities currently funded by the Ohio Commission on Minority Health or other funding sources; and It is expressly understood by the parties that the Ohio Commission on Minority Health (OCMH) is a public office and is subject to the Ohio Public Records Act, O. R. C.

149. 43, et. seq.

Upon receipt of a public records request, OCMH is required to provide prompt inspection or copies within a reasonable period of time of responsive records that OCMH determines, in its sole discretion, are public records subject to release.

If your organization chooses to not have what is considered a proprietary trade secret included in a public record request, they must complete the following statement and submit to the Ohio Commission on Minority Health on your agency letterhead. OCMH agrees not to disclose, without giving prior notice, any specific information that ( organization ) has previously identified as a proprietary trade secret.

In the event that a person seeks that information through a public records request, OCMH will notify ( organization ) in the course of OCMH’s legal review to give ( organization ) an opportunity to establish to the satisfaction of OCMH that the information constitutes a proprietary trade secret that is exempt from disclosure under the Public Records Act.

If OCMH does not find that the information constitutes a proprietary trade secret, OCMH will notify ( organization ) of its intention to disclose the information in accordance with law. ( Organization ) may choose to seek appropriate legal action, including injunctive relief, to prevent disclosure of the information at issue.

The following are additional programmatic and fiscal requirements to consider when preparing your proposal in MHGM. The grantee must provide all required documents to include the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and a signed IRS W-9 form. The Commission will not obtain documents on behalf of the grantee or utilize documents from previously funded Commission grants.

The Ohio Commission on Minority Health will not pay for medical services and/or personnel that can be covered by third party payers or other resources. Grantees that are membership organizations cannot charge cost differentials between members and the public for Commission funded events. The Commission requires full disclosure (itemized) of registration fees or other costs to the public at the time of application.

Community Development Corporations that plan to rent space from an affiliated faith-based organization must submit verification that line-items constitute reasonable and customary costs; and the facility is adequately equipped compared to other venues, including costs for audio visual equipment, etc. All Applicants must develop a Marketing Plan and allocate funding OCMH or in-kind to ensure that the events reach the targeted audience.

The Marketing Plan can include the following: Development of targeted flyers, posters, billboards that tailor messages and visuals that resonate with the intended audience Develop email marketing campaigns Reference the “Strategies for Successful Grant Submission and Implementation” section If funded, grantees will be notified in following the next scheduled board meeting. Immediately thereafter, grantees will receive a Notice of Award.

The grantee organization will be provided an Agreement of Terms which will contact Program and Fiscal Special conditions which must be agreed to prior to the approval of the Agreement of Terms. Grantees will be required to confirm each Proposed Event Form (MHM Activity Sheets in MHGM) on or before January 23, 2027 to allow for submission of the events in the OCMH Statewide MHM Calendar of Events.

If you miss this deadline, we cannot guarantee that your events will appear in the statewide calendar. The final confirmation of events constitutes a contract between the grantee and the Commission. Changes to events, dates, times, and locations without prior notification to the Commission and approval may result in non-reimbursement of funds.

The grantee must contact the Commission immediately via email of any proposed changes in the dates, times, or location of events, to include resubmission of changes on the MHM Activity Form. Please note: a date change on a submitted flyer does not constitute adequate communication of a change of activity. Grantee must obtain permission and then update marketing materials.

Grantees requesting event date changes must also submit a new event activity form and upload this to the MHGM system. The applicant must submit an invasive procedure form to indicate if they will or will not provide invasive screenings at one or more of their MHM events. This document must be uploaded to the project documentation section of the MHGM MHM application.

If MHM event dates, times, locations, or virtual based platforms change after you have confirmed, please alert the Commission immediately. The Commission cannot guarantee your event will appear in the electronic calendar if changes are submitted after January 31, 2027. The grantee is responsible for providing notification to the public of the MHM event date, time, web based virtual platform and location changes.

All budget revision requests for this funding must be submitted by February 15, 2027. Satisfaction Survey Requirement: The grantee is required to conduct a satisfaction survey to include all questions. A sample survey can be found on our website at www.

mih. ohio. gov in the Grantee Forms section.

Please note grantees can add additional questions to this survey or incorporate all the OCMH survey questions into a pre-existing event survey. The grantee must summarize the survey results to include the average response to each question and overall average score for each event as a part of their final report. DO NOT submit completed surveys with the final report.

GRANT REPORTING REQUIREMENTS: The Commission will have monthly meetings from January to May which will be posted on the website. This will provide funded programs to ask questions about program implementation, budget and final reporting.

All Funded Grantees must complete the following and submit the final program and fiscal report no later than May 15, 2027 , along with the following items: Final Reports should only contain non-identifying information such as first name, age, gender, race and ethnicity) Final reports should NOT contain any photographs or document uploads that contain the full name of participants.

In addition, grantees are expected to redact (white out or black out) any personal health identifiers (social security numbers, last names, addresses, telephone numbers, email addresses, zip codes, date of birth, etc.). Mandatory reporting of attendance and audience/participant survey feedback is REQUIRED for REIMBURSMENT. Redacted sign-in sheets for all events with confidential information (white or black out).

Grantees must enter or upload a summary of the of the surveys for all events in the final program report Grantees must provide a summary of health screening (if provided) and provide an overview of the number of screens by types to include any abnormal screens. PLEASE SE NOTE: the provision of follow-up for abnormal screening is not optional. Applicants must confirm with screening partners that they are able to provide this service.

A detailed overview of all donations to the events to include the value of partnering agency services. The late submission of the required reports WILL RESULT delayed reimbursement of expenses. The maximum grant award for Minority health Month 2027 is up to $4,000 per applicant.

Approved MHM events will be paid on a reimbursement basis. Only those items in the approved budget, accompanied by receipts or invoices, are reimbursable. Any unapproved changes in the original terms of the grant award by the grantee agency may result in termination of the grant or non-reimbursement of the expense.

APPLICATION DEADLINE and PROPOSAL PREPARATION Applicants must submit their application in the electronic grants management system; known as the Minority Health Grants Management (MHGM) System. All grant applications must be complete (not missing mandatory documents) and submitted in the MHGM system to be considered for funding. All applications must be submitted to the MHGM system by 11:59 pm on August 28, 2026.

Any application submitted after the time of 11:59 PM on the due date will be considered late and will not be reviewed. PLEASE BE AWARE: The submission of a technical assistance request regarding the application guidelines or the MHGM system during the application period will not change nor extend the application due date. PLEASE NOTE: Hand delivered, faxed, emailed or US mailed applications will not be accepted.

Proposals that do not provide all of the requested information, or do not meet all the requirements specified in the RFP, will be determined incomplete and may be disqualified. For instructions on how to navigate the MHGM system, please consult the MHGM Applicant User Guide. The Applicant User guide c a n be accessed on the Commission website at the following link on the right hand side of the page: https://mih.

ohio. gov/grant-opportunities/annual-grants/minority-health-month- grants Please refer to the Applicant User Guide general MHGM information to include account creation, passwords, login, and quick tips. Responses to this RFP application should be prepared following the guidance described below.

IMPORTANT: The application sections do not have a save button. Grantees will have a maximum of 15 minutes (shown in a timer in the upper right corner of each page) to enter information per page. At 15 minutes, the application will time out (due to network security concerns) and your work will not be saved.

Please plan accordingly. OCMH suggests that you prepare your application in a separate word document to then copy and paste each section into the system. Once you click “Next” to advance to the next section the information will then be saved.

Face Sheet: To complete this section, access the application in the MHGM system and refer to the table of contents for the face sheet section in the Applicant User Guide. Make sure to select from the drop-down menu: Grant Type: Minority Health Month (MHM) Project Area: Minority Health Month Requested Amount: Make sure that the requested amount aligns with the RFP funding level and should be no more than $4,000. 00.

Organization Information: To complete this section, access the application in the MHGM system and refer to the table of contents for the organization information section in the Applicant User Guide. Proposal Narrative: To complete this section, access the application in the MHGM system and refer to the table of contents for the proposal narrative section in the Applicant User Guide.

Health Areas to be Addressed Demographics (Race, Ethnicity, Gender, Age Groups) Description of the applicant Agency Elements of Sustainability Project Action Plan: To complete this section, access the application in the MHGM system and refer to the table of contents for the project action plan section in the Applicant User Guide.

Applicants will complete this required section in the MHGM system under Project Action Plan Line-Item Budget: To complete this section access the application in the MHGM system and refer to the table of contents for the line-item budget section in the Applicant User Guide. Enter the required budget information in the MHGM system. Be sure to include costs associated with developing and implementing your proposed demonstration grant.

Instructions are included for each form as appropriate. Enter the budget narrative describing unit cost and itemization of each line-item in the MHGM system. Enter the 20% required matching funds.

Administrative Code 3704-2-02 states: “That at least twenty percent of applicant funds and/or resources are received from sources other than grants awarded by the Commission on Minority Health”. In other words, the Commission cannot be the sole funding source of an agency. Please note, this 20% match is not required to be a cash match but can be in-kind resources.

Specified line-item costs are appropriate and reasonable/justifiable.