Opportunity Grants is sponsored by Henry M. Jackson Foundation. Opportunity grants provide organizations with smaller, targeted funding aligned with the Henry M.

Jackson Foundation's strategic plan goals.

Opportunity Grants - Henry M. Jackson Foundation Skip to content OPPORTUNITY GRANTS (UP TO $5,000) We intend the application and reporting process to be a smaller effort for grantees, and we make decisions within 3 weeks. We consider applications on a rolling basis until the funds have been dispersed that fiscal year.

Some opportunity grant funds have been set aside to support organizations in greater Snohomish County; depending on the organization’s needs, these can be general operating funds. Grant recipients will be requested to briefly share results in the form of stories (and photos if possible!) when the program is completed.

As part of our efforts toward equitable grantmaking, we consider organizational and audience diversity in funding decisions. Please email Maura Sullivan with any grant-related questions. Please note that a number of these grants address more than one goal area.

Snohomish County Fund grants are noted with an asterisk . Organization Description Geography Served * The Building Bridges Project Founded by Snohomish County Councilmembers Nate Nehring and Jared Mead, and community volunteer Josh Estes, the organization strives to empower individuals, particularly youth, with the skills to engage in empathetic communication and collaborative problem-solving.

Our funds supported the Future Leaders Academy, which was designed to engage high school students in leadership development and civic participation. This grant helped us elevate elected officials’ efforts to deepen community involvement while emphasizing respectful dialogue, especially among young people.

Snohomish County Center for Woman & Democracy The Foundation provided a grant to support the Summer Leadership Institute at Bellevue College. The event gathered senior high school and early undergraduate students interested in civic leadership. Students networked with peers, learned leadership skills from experienced public and civil society officials, and developed a future plan toward achieving their academic, career, and civic goals.

The Foundation provided this grant to encourage young people to become future civic leaders, and to support Jackson Fellow Christina Sciabarra, who organized it. Puget Sound Civic Genius The Foundation made a grant to Civic Genius, led by Executive Director and 2024 Jackson Fellow Jillian Youngblood. Funds supported local events featuring Roelf Meyer and Mohammed Bhabha.

These noted activists helped negotiate the end of apartheid in South Africa and went on to participate in peacebuilding efforts around the world. The two spoke about overcoming polarization to uphold democracy and the role the U.S. has in international human rights. Through this grant, the Foundation supported a Fellow and a new civic leadership NGO on a topic relevant to our work.

The Foundation also made a grant to Civic Genius to implement two pilot congressional town hall events. Recognizing the increasing breakdowns and cancellations of these important meetings, Civic Genius – now a program of the National Civic League – is working to reimagine the format and increase the representativeness of town halls to make them more productive. Rep.

Adam Smith (D-WA, 9th District) and Rep. Joe Morelle (D-NY, 25th District) piloted these first in the U.S. events. The Foundation provided this support to improve civic health and engagement.

Puget Sound and NY Holocaust Center for Humanity The Foundation provided a grant to support the Center’s Student Leadership Board (SLB) activities. With the SLB, the Center uses the lessons learned from history to teach empathy and understanding and create an informed citizenry.

Ilana Cone Kennedy, part of the inaugural Jackson Fellows cohort, recently became the Holocaust Center’s CEO; she originally created the SLB as her Fellows’ Project. This grant offered us a way to support a Fellow’s work and encourage future human rights leaders. Greater Seattle UW Evans School of Public Policy & Governance The Foundation provided sponsorship for the Daniel J.

Evans School of Public Policy & Governance’s annual celebration of leadership and service. In addition to providing financial support to the Evans School, this grant increased the Foundation’s visibility in the community and offered an in-person opportunity for Board Members and Fellows to connect. Washington State William D.

Ruckelshaus Center The Foundation provided sponsorship to the Ruckelshaus Center’s 2024 Chairman’s Circle Celebration. The evening featured a conversation with Roelf Meyer and Mohammed Bhabha. A number of Foundation Board Members and Fellows attended and had the chance to meet with the speakers.

Our funding supported the Ruckelshaus Center – a partner in the Project for Civic Health – and brought visibility to the Foundation’s efforts in the civic space. Washington State * Adopt A Stream Foundation The Foundation made a grant to the Adopt A Stream Foundation to support the Northwest Stream Center Sustainable Ecosystem Lab. Programming at the Lab will help educate people about the climate crisis.

The Adopt A Stream Foundation works to empower community members to become stewards of their watersheds and climate champions. This grant aims to deepen the public’s awareness of the increased threats posed by the climate crisis and of potential solutions. Snohomish County Climate Solutions The Foundation provided sponsorship for Climate Solutions’ Annual Dinner Celebration.

This funding not only directly supported a local climate partner, but it also increased the Jackson Foundation’s visibility at a large gathering including state-level political figures, business, and environmental leaders. In addition, our sponsorship offered an in-person opportunity for members of the Board, Legacy Council, and Fellows to connect.

Washington State *Glacier Peak Institute The Foundation provided funds toward this organization that creates access and opportunities for youth to build resilience and directly contribute to the ecological and economic regeneration of their communities across the Glacier Peak region of Western Washington. GPI is helping to develop the next generation of civic leaders and environmental advocates for Snohomish County.

The Foundation provided this funding supporting these efforts to expand knowledge about climate and the environment, and to help build future climate leaders. Snohomish County Housing Development Consortium The Foundation provided a grant to the Housing Development Consortium, which aims to transform the affordable housing market by decarbonizing buildings and contributing to carbon neutrality goals.

Its Sustainable Buildings Initiative supports new-build construction and retrofitting efforts of existing subsidized multi-family buildings to achieve decarbonization. This grant allowed the Foundation to make a local impact on climate resiliency while prioritizing the needs of low-income residents.

King County Jefferson Land Trust The Foundation provided a grant to support a Climate Ambassador Intern to help prepare our protected local forests and waterways for a changing climate, train the next generation of land stewards in climate resilience land management, and support youth environmental education. The grant will empower a future climate change leader and contribute toward a greater awareness of the climate crisis.

Jefferson County *North Cascades Institute: The Foundation provided funds to support NCI’s Youth Leadership Adventures program, which allows diverse local teens with no outdoor experience to have an immersive week-long backcountry trip. The curriculum focuses on learning about climate solutions, practicing leadership and team building skills, and sharing interconnectedness.

This effort contributes to informing young people about the threats from global warming and potential solutions, along with developing future climate leaders.

Skagit and Snohomish Counties * Pacific NW Trail Association The Foundation made a grant to support volunteer efforts to maintain the Pacific Northwest National Scenic Trail (PNT) – a 1,200 mile trail that begins at the Continental Divide in Glacier National Park and ends near Cape Alava on Washington State’s Pacific Coast.

Senator Jackson was a key sponsor of the bill that established the National Trails System Act, and he introduced a bill to conduct a feasibility study for designating the PNT as a national scenic trail. This grant recognizes Senator Jackson’s environmental legacy; the funds will help protect this national asset.

Washington State Free Russia Foundation The Foundation provided a grant to the Free Russia Foundation for general operating funding to support its efforts to search for Ukrainian POW’s, civilians, and children who are imprisoned in Russia; and to provide assistance to members of Russian and Belarusian civil society who are in exile. This grant enabled us to support a valued former partner in a time of unexpected crisis.

United States and Europe Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History The Foundation provided a grant toward its Cold War Traveling Exhibition , which examined the human rights aspects of the Cold War, and featured Senator Jackson’s work advancing democracy and respect for human rights around the globe. A panel in the exhibition focused on the 1974 Jackson-Vanik Amendment.

This grant gave us an opportunity to highlight this important aspect of Senator Jackson’s human rights legacy to K-12 students. National Traveling Exhibit Pacific Model United Nations (PACMUN): The Foundation granted funds toward PACMUN’s two-day student-led Model United Nations conference, which provided a realistic and engaging simulation of the United Nations’ work.

Students learned about global affairs, international relations, and diplomacy. Foundation funds supported student financial aid scholarships, which broadened access and helped create an equitable conference. Puget Sound Rainier Institute for Foreign Affairs (RI) The Foundation provided a grant to RI, a Seattle-based bipartisan think tank and registered undergraduate student organization at the University of Washington.

This grant offered us a way to support UW Jackson School students engaged in studying foreign policy. Washington State Please note that a number of these grants address more than one goal area. Snohomish County Fund grants are noted with an asterisk .

Organization Description Geography Served UW Evans School of Public Policy & Governance The Jackson Foundation provided sponsorship for the Daniel J. Evans School of Public Policy & Governance’s annual celebration of leadership and service.

In addition to providing financial support to the Evans School, this grant increased the Foundation’s visibility in the community, and offered an in-person opportunity for Board Members and Fellows to connect. Washington State Seattle CityClub The Foundation made a grant to support Seattle CityClub’s 2023 Seattle City Council Debate through its Washington State Debate Coalition.

Meant to provide a comprehensive and unbiased platform for candidates running for the Seattle City Council, the debates were structured to allow candidates to present their views, answer questions from both moderators and the public, and engage in a civil and informative discourse on the key issues facing the city.

Seattle Washington Bus Education Fund The Foundation made a grant to this NGO – the only statewide civic engagement organization in Washington that is led by young people and dedicated to empowering young people. The funds supported its youth civic leadership programming, which included engaging youth in the civic and political process.

Washington State Leadership Tomorrow The Foundation provided sponsorship for its Leadership Lab event. Former Board Member and Fellow Priya Saxena represented the Foundation at the event by providing a welcome and speaking about the promise of leadership and the importance of values when making positive change.

Seattle * Civic Genius The Foundation made a grant to this organization, led by Executive Director and 2024 Jackson Fellow Jillian Youngblood. For her Jackson Fellowship Project, Jillian held three local workshops aimed at bringing together diverse groups of participants to work collaboratively on finding solutions to shared problems.

These funds will go toward the Snohomish County event, and the work dovetails with the Project for Civic Health. Snohomish County Seattle 2030 District The Foundation made a grant to host a pilot policy round table with a diverse group of stakeholders.

The discussion provided an opportunity for building operators, engineers, architects, and others to identify policy gaps that limit large-scale improvements needed to further electrify and decarbonize buildings. Buildings are the second-leading source of carbon emissions in our region.

Puget Sound 2050 Project The Jackson Foundation supported the 2050 Project to hold a Climate Solutions Summit organized at the University of Washington Foster School of Business to bring forward actionable ideas to accelerate the energy transition in Washington state. The partnership between 2050 Project and a host of UW student clubs, including Net Impact, ReThink, UW Solar, and UW Marketing – brought a unique element to this event.

2050 Project co-founder John Kennedy was a Jackson Environmental Fellow at the UW Evans School. Seattle Housing Development Consortium The Foundation provided a grant toward its Decarbonizing Affordable Housing Now program.

This program aims to coordinate and lead the retrofitting efforts of existing subsidized multi-family buildings to achieve decarbonization, to meet regulations such as the state and city Building Emissions Performance Standards.

King County * North Cascades Institute The Foundation supported NCI’s Youth Leadership Adventures (YLA) program, which allows diverse local teens, many of whom have little or no experience in the outdoors, to participate in an immersive backcountry trip.

Through a curriculum focusing on climate solutions, leadership and outdoor skills, team building, and interconnectedness, YLA inspires participants to envision and work toward a hopeful, joyful, and sustainable future for the North Cascades ecosystem and the individuals within it.

Skagit and Snohomish Counties * Glacier Peak Institute The Foundation provided funds toward this organization that empowers youth to build resilient and sustainable rural communities and healthy ecosystems across the Glacier Peak region of Western Washington through innovative, action-based education programs integrating Science, Technology, recreation, Engineering, art, Mathematics, and skill-building (STrEaMs education).

Snohomish County OneWorld Now! The Foundation made a grant to OneWorld Now! , which works to develop the next generation of global leaders.

Our funds supported a new Leadership Program Manager position, who managed and directed the leadership-related programming, strengthened the leadership curriculum, and developed new program partnerships. Seattle Operation Snow Leopard The Foundation made a grant to Operation Snow Leopard to support its efforts to facilitate the safe evacuation and resettlement abroad of at-risk female Afghan Parliamentarians.

International University of Washington Jackson School of International Studies The Foundation made a grant to sponsor the Jackson School’s War in the Middle East public lecture series. These lectures provided the public opportunities for substantive, thoughtful, compassionate engagement with the devastating events unfolding in the Middle East.

Seattle Pacific Model UN The Foundation sponsored its two-day conference, which provided a realistic and engaging simulation of the United Nations’ work. PACMUN’s event gathered students from the Pacific Northwest, Canada, Mexico, and other countries to participate; students learned about global affairs, international relations, and diplomacy. Foundation funds supported student financial scholarships to broaden access.

Puget Sound Please note that a number of these grants address more than one goal area. Snohomish County Fund grants are noted with an asterisk . Organization Description Geography Served Leadership Tomorrow The Foundation provided sponsorship for Leadership Tomorrow’s Leadership Lab event.

Former Board Member and Fellow Priya Saxena represented the Foundation at the event. Priya spoke about the problems and the promise of leadership, and the importance of being values-driven as we seek to create positive change. Seattle UW Evans School of Public Policy & Governance The Jackson Foundation provided sponsorship for the Evans School’s 60 th Anniversary Celebration .

This grant provided financial support to the School, a way to increase the Foundation’s visibility in the community, and an in-person opportunity for Board Members and Fellows to meet.

Washington State UW Tacoma The Foundation provided a grant to the Center for Urban Waters toward its new Collaborative Leadership Project , which captured Washington State’s unique history of multiparty collaborative governance and problem solving on natural resource issues. Meant to preserve and promote the legacy of collaborative leadership in Washington, the effort culminated in a documentary film .

Washington State Bike Works The Foundation provided a grant to Bike Works to support its leadership pipeline, which addresses access to transportation, barriers in outdoor recreation, and educational inequities for youth.

Committed to empowering youth and teaching environmental stewardship, Bike Works provides youth with opportunities to grow as leaders, give back to the community, work together, and see themselves as owners and creators of our collective future.

Seattle * League of Women Voters Education Fund The Foundation made a grant to the Snohomish County League of Women Voters to fund the printing and distribution of two key civics education brochures in both English and Spanish, called Your Voice Matters and Fact or Fiction . Snohomish County * Project Girl Mentoring Program The Foundation made a grant to Project Girl Mentoring Program’s Immersion Lab .

This organization mentors and educates young women of color to make positive life choices and to maximize their authentic potential in Snohomish County and the surrounding areas. Project Girl provides curriculum-based mentoring that strengthens life skills to create change in the participants’ lives and build up their voices.

Snohomish County 2050 Project The Jackson Foundation provided funds for the 2050 Project to hold a Climate Solutions Summit in conjunction with ReThink, a student club within the UW Foster School of Business. Governor Inslee provided the keynote. 2050 Project co-founder John Kennedy was a Jackson Environmental Fellow at the UW Evans School.

Seattle Housing Development Consortium The Foundation provided a grant to the Housing Development Consortium toward launching its Decarbonizing Affordable Housing Now program. This program aims to coordinate and lead the retrofitting efforts of existing subsidized multi-family buildings to achieve decarbonization, to meet regulations such as the state and city Building Emissions Performance Standards.

King County YMCA of Greater Seattle Youth and Government Program The Foundation provided a grant to the YMCA to launch the Social Justice Academy: Environmental Justice Pilot. This initiative reached primarily Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) high school youth to connect young people to social and environmental justice issues, civic education, and offer opportunities and skills to advocate for change in their communities.

Puget Sound * North Cascades Institute The Foundation provided funds to support NCI’s Youth Leadership Adventures (YLA) program, which allows diverse local teens, many of whom have little or no experience in the outdoors, to experience an immersive backcountry trip.

Through a curriculum focusing on climate solutions, leadership and outdoor skills, team building, and interconnectedness, YLA inspires participants to envision and work toward a hopeful, joyful, and sustainable future for the North Cascades ecosystem and the individuals within it.

Skagit and Snohomish Counties * Glacier Peak Institute The Foundation provided funds toward this organization that empowers youth to build resilient and sustainable rural communities and healthy ecosystems across the Glacier Peak region of Western Washington through innovative, action-based education programs integrating Science, Technology, recreation, Engineering, art, Mathematics, and skill-building (STrEaMs education).

Snohomish County * Tulalip Foundation The Foundation made a grant to the Tulalip Foundation’s Natural Resources Environmental & Educational Outreach Program Enhancement Project to fund a youth internship program.

This pilot program, created in coordination with Tulalip/UW Indigenous STEAM Collaborative and Tulalip Summer Youth, provided two local Native high school youth with an opportunity to learn and teach about environmental stewardship.

Snohomish County Bridge to Türkiye Fund The Foundation made a donation to the Bridge to Türkiye Fund’s Earthquake Relief Fund in honor of Prof. Reşat Kasaba, our long-time collaborator at the UW Jackson School, whose hometown of Antakya, Turkey, was completely destroyed . Turkey Meridian International Washington, D. C.

-based Meridian works to strengthen engagement between the United States and the world through diplomacy, leadership, and culture. Foundation funds contributed toward a summer Diplomacy Fellow who developed the DiplomacyRISE (Readiness, Innovation, Skill, Equity) program. This initiative provided emerging leaders with greater access to critical skills training, career guidance networks, and emerging issue area expertise.

Washington DC University of Washington Jackson School The Foundation provided an honorarium to Yevgenia Albats, Distinguished Journalist in Residence, Jordan Center for the Advanced Study of Russia, New York University. The Russian investigative journalist, political scientist, author, and radio host gave a public talk on Putin’s Wars .

Seattle Pacific Model United Nations (PACMUN) The Foundation granted funds toward its two-day conference, which provides a realistic and engaging simulation of the United Nations’ work. PACMUN’s event gathers students from the Pacific Northwest, Canada, Mexico, and other countries to participate; students learn about global affairs, international relations, and diplomacy.

Foundation funds went toward student financial scholarships to broaden access. Puget Sound Operation Snow Leopard The Foundation made a grant to Operation Snow Leopard toward its efforts to facilitate the safe evacuation and resettlement abroad of 2,500 high-risk Afghans. International Please note that a number of these grants address more than one goal area.

Snohomish County Fund grants are noted with an asterisk . Organization Description Geography Served Leadership Tomorrow The Foundation provided sponsorship for Leadership Tomorrow’s Leadership Lab event. Former Board Member and Fellow Priya Saxena represented the Foundation at the event, and shared about civic engagement and values-based leadership.

Greater Seattle Museum of History and Industry (MOHAI) The Foundation provided funds toward MOHAI’s 2022 Innovation Exchange event, which explored environmental sustainability and the global climate crisis. The program featured leading-edge climate innovators, including Fellow Lylianna Allala who co-founded the Growing Old Project . Foundation funds provided stipends for the innovators.

Greater Seattle Braver Angels The Foundation provided funds to support Braver Angels’ new program called Braver Politics, which aims to restore the norms of deliberation, trust, and cooperation across the aisle. Rather than reaching out to the general public, Braver Politics focuses on political candidates, elected officials, and their staff at all levels of government.

Foundation funding will be used towards Braver Politics’ 2022 activities in Washington state, including hosting candidate debates, workshops, and skills training sessions. Lessons learned will be integrated into its 2024 efforts in Washington state and nationally. Washington State * Leadership Launch This organization engages student leaders in building and practicing leadership skills to enact change in their local communities.

Working with students from 9th grade through their first year of college or certification program, it strives to empower, equip, and engage student leaders from a place of equity. Leadership Launch teaches and models a leadership curriculum created with a trauma-informed lens, and helps to pave equitable pathways to college. The Foundation provided general operating support.

Snohomish County * Van Valey House, Everett Museum of History The Foundation provided funds towards materials to establish the Henry M. Jackson Room, which Anna Marie Laurence curated. The historic room features elements of Senator Jackson’s life and highlights his role as a leader and statesman.

The funds were not granted directly to the Everett Museum of History. Snohomish County * Washington School Principals Education Foundation The Foundation provided a grant toward efforts to create inclusive, equitable access to outdoor experiences for all public middle school students in Washington.

The program aims to reduce barriers to students’ participation in residential outdoor school, to build capacity for educators to enhance the quality of the programming, and to increase public awareness of the importance and benefits of outdoor education, including environmental stewardship.

Washington State 2050 Project The Jackson Foundation provided funds for the 2050 Project to award to winning teams of its Clean Buildings Case Competition at the University of Washington . 2050 Project held this event in conjunction with ReThink, a student club at the UW Foster School of Business.

The event challenged student teams to create improved communication strategies to make it easier for commercial buildings to lower carbon emissions. 2050 Project co-founder John Kennedy was a Jackson Environmental Fellow at the UW Evans School.

Greater Seattle Housing Development Consortium The Foundation provided a grant to the Housing Development Consortium towards its sustainable buildings programming, which includes promoting exemplary sustainable design for new multifamily buildings and providing models for resilient retrofits. These efforts aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption towards meeting Washington state’s climate targets.

Greater Seattle Seattle 2030 District The Foundation provided funds for the creation of a promotional video for the new Bellevue 2030 District. The organization helps property owners and managers accelerate the building decarbonization process and create more sustainable buildings. The video will be used to attract new members and inform the community about this opportunity to impact our region.

Greater Seattle and Eastside Boy Scouts of America, Troop 008 Fellow Brandon Hersey serves as Scoutmaster for this troop based in the Rainer Valley community. The Foundation contributed $500 to its annual fundraiser, which supports the Troop’s activities for the year including summer camp, food and transportation costs, and an epic adventure to Philmont Ranch in 2023.

Greater Seattle EarthCorps The Foundation granted funds to EarthCorps to support its Corps Program, which provides 40-50 young leaders ages 18-28 with leadership development and green-jobs training through hands-on environmental restoration of natural areas across the Puget Sound region, including Snohomish County.

EarthCorps invests in and develops environmental leaders who spark change to create a world where all people and nature thrive together, through healing environmental injustices and centering the communities most affected by environmental degradation and climate change. Greater Seattle * North Cascades Institute The Foundation provided funds to NCI towards tuition subsidies for its Mountain School program.

NCI strongly emphasizes equity in its programming and strives to reduce barriers for students of all races, cultures, socio-economic classes, and backgrounds to experience nature together.

NCI brings 5th graders—many for their first visit to North Cascades National Park—to the Environmental Learning Center where students experience three days and two nights of immersion in nature, time away from the virtual world, and have space to connect with their classmates and the outdoors.

Greater Snohomish County * Glacier Peak Institute The Foundation provided operating funds toward this organization that empowers youth to build resilient and sustainable rural communities and healthy ecosystems across the Glacier Peak region of Western Washington through innovative, action-based education programs integrating Science, Technology, recreation, Engineering, art, Mathematics, and skill-building.

Greater Snohomish County Seattle Foundation The Foundation donated to the Seattle Refugee Fund. Housed at the Seattle Foundation, the fund was created by Seattle Mayor Bruce Harrell, King County Executive Dow Constantine, and 36 other King County mayors to raise money for Ukrainian refugees in Europe and King County, as well as other refugees in need in King County.

Most of the Seattle Refugee Funds (70%) will help Ukrainians in Europe and Seattle-King County through the International Rescue Committee and the Ukrainian Community Center of Washington ; the remaining funds (30%) will provide services to other refugees in need in Seattle-King County.

Greater Seattle and Europe Freedom House The Foundation donated $4,000 to Freedom House’s Ukraine Aid Program , which supports Ukrainian, Russian, and Belarussian human rights defenders and civil society organizations. It also helps ensure the safety of journalists and media organizations given Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.

Activities include helping partners to relocate and adapt to new locations, improving the safety of human rights defenders that remain in the region, and advocating for their protection. Europe Operation Snow Leopard This NGO formed in response to the Taliban coming to power last year in Afghanistan.

In order to evacuate vulnerable Afghans, the group established an underground railroad that safely houses at-risk Afghans in Afghanistan, procures necessary documents, provides transportation across borders, and sustains the evacuees until their final resettlement.

The Foundation made a grant toward its mission to evacuate about 20 Afghans for permanent resettlement in Argentina, including female doctors, medical students, and a vision-impaired journalist. Afghanistan Pacific Model United Nations The Foundation granted funds to its two-day conference, which provides a realistic and engaging simulation of the United Nations’ work.

PACMUN’s event gathers about 600 students from the Pacific Northwest, Canada, Mexico, and other countries to participate; students learn about global affairs, international relations, and diplomacy. Foundation funds went toward student financial scholarships to broaden access. Pacific Northwest The Foundation has an online application system .

Select the option for Opportunity Grants Application. Choose which goal area(s) the program will address, indicate if the organization is based in greater Snohomish County, enter the project’s name, and attach a 1-2 page LOI with this information: Organization’s description Amount requested and how funds will be used Program goals, expected impacts and outcomes Activities, audience, implementation strategy see our grant restrictions