Survey of Federal Funds for Research and Development

Survey of Federal Funds for Research and Development is sponsored by National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES), NSF. An annual census of federal agencies conducting R&D programs, providing comprehensive data on federal funding for R&D in the U. S.

Survey of Federal Funds for Research and Development 2024-2025 | NCSES | NSF The Survey of Federal Funds for Research and Development is an annual census of federal agencies that conduct research and development (R&D) programs and the primary source of information about U.S. federal funding for R&D.

tag for use when URL is provided --> Methodology tag for use when URL is provided --> Data tag for use when URL is provided --> Analysis The Survey of Federal Funds for Research and Development (R&D) is the primary source of information about federal funding for R&D in the United States. The survey is an annual census completed by the federal agencies that conduct R&D programs.

Actual data are collected for the fiscal year just completed; estimates are obtained for the current fiscal year. Government Funding for Science and Engineering Synectics for Management Decisions, Inc. (Synectics) performed the data collection for volume 74 (FYs 2024–25) under contract to the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics. Survey Description (PDF 110 KB) Federal R&D Obligations Increased 4.

4% in FY 2024; Most Agencies Estimate Declines in FY 2025 Survey of Federal Funds for R&D Overview Federal agency obligations for research and experimental development (R&D) increased 4. 4% from FY 2023 ($186. 1B) to FY 2024 ($194.

2B) Preliminary FY 2025 data estimate federal agency obligations for R&D are relatively unchanged from FY 2024, decreasing by 0. 1% Department of Defense R&D obligations increased by $12. 3 billion (14.

4%) between FY 2023 and FY 2024 Preliminary estimates of total obligations from federal agencies for R&D in FY 2025 The five federal agencies that have the largest R&D obligations accounted for 93% ($181. 4B) of the total federal-wide R&D portfolio in FY 2024 This includes DOD ($97. 9B), HHS ($48.

8B), DOE ($16. 9B), NASA ($10. 9B) and NSF ($7.

0B) Survey Overview (FYs 2024–25 Survey Cycle; Volume 74) The annual Survey of Federal Funds for Research and Development (Federal Funds for R&D) is the primary source of information about federal funding for R&D in the United States.

The results of the survey are also used in the federal government’s calculation of U.S. gross domestic product at the national and state levels, used for policy analysis, and used for budget purposes for the Federal Laboratory Consortium for Technology Transfer, the Small Business Innovation Research, and the Small Business Technology Transfer.

The survey is sponsored by the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES) within the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF). Data collection authority The information is solicited under the authority of the National Science Foundation Act of 1950, as amended, and the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010.

NCSES has reviewed this product for unauthorized disclosure of confidential information and approved its release (NCSES-DRN26-001). Major changes to recent survey cycle There are no changes to the survey for this cycle. The population consists of the 30 federal agencies that conduct R&D programs, excluding the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the National Security Agency (NSA).

For the volume 74 (FYs 2024–25) survey cycle, one agency known for conducting R&D programs, the Library of Congress, was unable to report and did not provide inputs to estimate data. Therefore, data users should use caution when comparing survey results. Not applicable; the survey is a census of all federal agencies that conduct R&D programs, excluding the CIA and the NSA.

Key variables of interest are listed below.

The survey provides data on federal obligations by the following key variables: Field of R&D (formerly field of science and engineering) Geographic location (within the United States and by foreign country or economy) Performer (type of organization doing the work) R&D plant (facilities and major equipment) Type of R&D (research, development, testing, and evaluation [RDT&E] for Department of Defense [DOD] agencies) Development, also known as experimental development The survey provides data on federal outlays by the following key variables: R&D (RDT&E for DOD agencies) Note that the variables “R&D,” “type of R&D,” and “R&D plant” in this survey use definitions comparable to those used by the Office of Management and Budget Circular A-11 , Section 84 (Schedule C).

The population consists of the federal agencies that conduct R&D programs, excluding the CIA and the NSA. For the FYs 2024–25 cycle, one agency known to conduct R&D programs, the Library of Congress, was unable to report and did not provide inputs to estimate data. Therefore, data users should use caution when comparing survey results.

A total of 30 federal agencies (14 federal departments and 16 independent agencies) were subject to R&D data collection during this cycle. The survey is a census of all federal agencies that conduct R&D programs, excluding the CIA and the NSA. The agencies are identified from information in the president’s budget submitted to Congress.

The Analytical Perspectives volume and the “Detailed Budget Estimates by Agency” section of the appendix to the president’s budget identify agencies that receive funding for R&D. Data Collection and Processing Synectics for Management Decisions, Inc. (Synectics) performed the data collection for volume 74 (FYs 2024–25) under contract to NCSES.

Agencies were initially contacted by e-mail to verify the contact information of each agency-level survey respondent. A Web-based data collection system is used for the survey. Multiple subdivisions of some federal departments were permitted to submit information to create a complete accounting of the departments’ R&D funding activities.

Data collection for Federal Funds for R&D began in May 2025 and continued into November 2025. A Web-based data collection system is used to collect and manage data for the survey. This Web-based system was designed to help improve survey reporting and reduce data collection and processing costs by offering respondents direct online reporting and editing.

All data collection efforts, data imports, and trend checking are accomplished using the Web-based data collection system. The Web-based data collection system has a component that allows survey respondents to enter their data online; it also has a component that allows the contractor to monitor support requests, data entry, and data issues.

Published totals are created by summing respondent data, there are no survey weights or other adjustments. For the FYs 2024–25 cycle, one agency known to conduct R&D programs, the Library of Congress, was unable to report and did not provide inputs to estimate data. Therefore, data users should use caution when comparing survey results.

The CIA and the NSA are purposely excluded from the survey coverage. To increase item response, agencies are encouraged to estimate when actual data are unavailable. The survey instrument allows respondents to enter data or skip data fields.

There are several possible sources of nonresponse error by respondents, including inadvertently skipping data fields, skipping data fields when data are unavailable, or entering $0 when specific data are unavailable. Some measurement problems are known to exist in the Federal Funds for R&D data. Some agencies cannot report the full costs of R&D, the final performer of R&D, or R&D plant data.

For example, DOD does not include headquarters’ costs of planning and administering R&D programs, which are estimated at a fraction of 1% of its total cost. DOD has stated that identification of amounts at this level is impracticable. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the Department of Health and Human Services currently has many of its awards in its financial system without any field of R&D code.

Therefore, NIH uses an alternate source to estimate its research dollars by field of R&D. NIH uses scientific class codes (based upon history of grant, content of the title, and the name of the awarding institute or center) as an approximation for field of R&D. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) does not include any field of R&D codes in its financial database.

Consequently, NASA has developed a method of estimating what percentage of the agency’s research dollars are allocated into the fields of R&D. Also, agencies are required to report the ultimate performer of R&D. However, through past workshops, NCSES has learned that some agencies do not always track their R&D dollars to the ultimate performer of R&D.

This leads to some degree of misclassification of performers of R&D, but NCSES has not determined the extent of the errors in performer misclassification by the reporting agencies. R&D plant data are underreported to some extent because of the difficulty some agencies, particularly DOD and NASA, encounter in identifying and reporting these data.

DOD’s respondents report obligations for R&D plant funded under the agency’s appropriation for construction, but they are able to identify only a small portion of the R&D plant support that is within R&D contracts funded from DOD’s appropriation for RDT&E.

Similarly, NASA respondents cannot separately identify the portions of industrial R&D contracts that apply to R&D plant because these data are subsumed in the R&D data covering industrial performance. NASA R&D plant data for other performing sectors are reported separately. Data Availability and Comparability Annual data are available for FYs 1951–2025.

Until the release of volume 71 (FYs 2021–22) the information included in this survey had been unchanged since volume 23 (FYs 1973–75), when federal obligations for research to universities and colleges by agency and detailed field of science and engineering were added to the survey. Other variables (such as type of R&D and type of performer) are available from the early 1950s on.

The volume 71 survey revisions maintained the four main R&D crosscuts collected previously (i.e., type of R&D, field of R&D [previously referred to as field of science and engineering], type of performer, and geographic area). However, there were revisions within these crosscuts to ensure consistency with other NCSES surveys.

These include revisions to the fields of R&D and the type of performer categories (see the Methodology tab within the Federal Funds for R&D Survey page , technical table A-3 for a crosswalk of the fields of science and engineering to the fields of R&D).

In addition, new variables were added, such as field of R&D for experimental development (whereas before, the survey participants had only reported fields of R&D [formerly fields of science] for basic research and applied research). Grants and contracts for extramural R&D performers and obligations to University Affiliated Research Centers were also added in volume 71.

Every time new data are released, past years’ data may be changed because agencies sometimes update older information or reclassify responses for prior years as additional budget data become available. For trend comparisons, use the historical data from only the most recent publication, which incorporates changes agencies have made in prior year data to reflect program reclassifications or other corrections.

Do not use data published earlier. NCSES publishes data from this survey annually in tables and analytic reports available at Federal Funds for R&D Survey page . Access to the data for major data elements are available in NCSES’s interactive data tool at https://ncsesdata.

nsf. gov/ . Survey Overview (FYs 2024–25 Survey Cycle; Volume 74) Purpose.

The annual Survey of Federal Funds for Research and Development (Federal Funds for R&D) is the primary source of information about federal funding for R&D in the United States.

The results of the survey are also used in the federal government’s calculation of U.S. gross domestic product at the national and state levels, for policy analysis, and for budget purposes for the Federal Laboratory Consortium for Technology Transfer, the Small Business Innovation Research, and the Small Business Technology Transfer.

In addition, as of volume 71, the Survey of Federal Science and Engineering Support to Universities, Colleges, and Nonprofit Institutions (Federal S&E Support Survey) was integrated into this survey as a module, making Federal Funds for R&D the comprehensive data source on federal science and engineering (S&E) funding to individual academic and nonprofit institutions. Data collection authority.

The information is solicited under the authority of the National Science Foundation Act of 1950, as amended, and the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010. The National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES) has reviewed this product for unauthorized disclosure of confidential information and approved its release (NCSES-DRN26-001). Survey contractor.

Synectics for Management Decisions, Inc. (Synectics). Survey sponsor. NCSES within the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF).

Initial survey year . 1951. Reference period .

FYs 2024–25. Response unit. Federal agencies.

Sample or census. Census. Population size.

For the FYs 2024–25 cycle, a total of 29 federal agencies reported R&D data. (See section “ Survey Design ” for details.) Sample size.

Not applicable; the survey is a census of all federal agencies that conduct R&D programs, excluding the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the National Security Agency (NSA). Target population. The population consists of the federal agencies that conduct R&D programs, excluding the CIA and the NSA.

For the FYs 2024–25 cycle, one agency known to conduct R&D programs, the Library of Congress, was unable to report and did not provide inputs to estimate data. Therefore, data users should use caution when comparing survey results. A total of 30 federal agencies (14 federal departments and 16 independent agencies) were subject to R&D data collection during this cycle.

Sampling f rame. The survey is a census of all federal agencies that conduct R&D programs, excluding the CIA and the NSA. The agencies are identified from information in the president’s budget submitted to Congress.

The Analytical Perspectives volume and the “Detailed Budget Estimates by Agency” section of the appendix to the president’s budget identify agencies that receive funding for R&D. Sample design. Not applicable.

Data Collection and Processing Methods Data collection. Data for FYs 2024–25 (volume 74) were collected by Synectics for Management Decisions, Inc. under contract to NCSES (for a full list of fiscal years canvassed by survey volume reference, see table A-4 ). Data collection began with an e-mail to each agency to verify the name, phone number, and e-mail address of each agency-level survey respondent.

A Web-based data collection system is used for the survey. Because multiple subdivisions of some federal departments completed the survey, there were 67 agency-level respondents: 6 federal departments that reported for themselves, 46 agencies within another 8 federal departments, and 15 independent agencies.

However, suboffices could also be authorized to enter data: in Federal Funds for R&D nomenclature, agency-level offices could authorize program offices, program offices could authorize field offices, and field offices could authorize branch offices. When these suboffices are included, there were 571 total respondents: 67 agencies, 110 program offices, 188 field offices, and 206 branch offices.

Since volume 66, each survey cycle collects information for 2 federal government fiscal years: the fiscal year just completed (FY 2024—i.e., 1 October 2023 through 30 September 2024) and the current fiscal year during the start of the survey collection period (i.e., FY 2025). FY 2024 data are completed transactions. FY 2025 data are estimates of congressional appropriation actions and apportionment and reprogramming decisions.

Data collection began on 28 May 2025, and the requested due date for data submissions was 6 August 2025. Data collection was extended until all surveyed agencies provided complete and final survey data in November 2025. Mode.

Federal Funds for R&D uses a Web-based data collection system. The Web-based system consists of a data collection component that allows survey respondents to enter their data online and a monitoring component that allows the data collection contractor to monitor support requests, data entry, and data issues. The Web-based system’s two components are password protected so that only authorized respondents and staff can access them.

However, some agencies submit their data in alternative formats such as Excel files, which are later imported into the Web-based system. All edit and trend checks are accomplished through the Web-based system. Final submission occurs through the Web-based system after all edit failures and trend checks have been resolved.

Response rate. The unit response rate is 99. 8% (the Library of Congress did not report).

Data checking . Data errors in Federal Funds for R&D are flagged automatically by the Web-based data collection system: respondents cannot submit their final data to NCSES until all required fields have been completed without errors.

Once data are submitted, specially written SAS programs are run to check each agency’s submission to identify possible discrepancies, to ensure data from all suboffices are included correctly, and to check that there were no inadvertent shifts in reporting from one year to the next. As always, respondents are contacted to resolve potential reporting errors that cannot be reconciled by the narratives.

Explanations of questionable data are noted by the survey respondents for NCSES review. Variance estimation. Not applicable.

Sampling error. Not applicable. Coverage error.

Given the existence of a complete list of all eligible agencies, there is no known coverage error. The CIA and the NSA are purposely excluded. For the volume 74 (FYs 2024–25) survey cycle, one agency known for conducting R&D programs, the Library of Congress, was unable to report and did not provide inputs to estimate data.

Therefore, data users should use caution when comparing survey results. Nonresponse error. To increase item response, agencies are encouraged to estimate when actual data are unavailable.

The survey instrument allows respondents to enter data or skip data fields; however, blank fields are not accepted for survey submission, and respondents must either populate the fields with data or with $0 if the question is not applicable.

There are several possible sources of nonresponse error by respondents, including inadvertently skipping data fields, skipping data fields when data are unavailable, or entering $0 when specific data are unavailable. Measurement error . Some measurement problems are known to exist in the Federal Funds of R&D data.

Some agencies cannot report the full costs of R&D, the final performer of R&D, or R&D plant data. For example, the Department of Defense (DOD) does not include headquarters’ costs of planning and administering R&D programs, which are estimated at a fraction of 1% of its total cost. DOD has stated that identification of amounts at this level is impracticable.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) currently has many of its awards in its financial system without any field of R&D code. Therefore, NIH uses an alternate source to estimate its research dollars by field of R&D.

NIH uses scientific class codes (based upon history of grant, content of the title, and the name of the awarding institute or center) as an approximation for field of R&D. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) does not include any field of R&D codes in its financial database. Consequently, NASA has developed a method of estimating what percentage of the agency’s research dollars are allocated into the fields of R&D.

Agencies are asked to report the ultimate performer of R&D. However, through past workshops, NCSES has learned that some agencies do not always track their R&D dollars to the ultimate performer of R&D. In the case of transfers to other federal agencies, the originating agency often does not have information on the final disposition of funding made by the receiving agency.

Therefore, intragovernmental transfers, which are classified as federal intramural funding, may have some degree of extramural performance. This leads to some degree of misclassification of performers of R&D, but NCSES has not determined the extent of the errors in performer misclassification by the reporting agencies. Differences in agency and NCSES classification of some performers will also lead to some degree of measurement error.

For example, although many university research foundations are legally organized as nonprofit organizations and may be classified as such within a reporting agency’s own system of record, NCSES classifies these as component units of higher education.

These classification differences may have contributed to differences in findings by Federal Funds for R&D and the Federal S&E Support Survey in federal agency obligations to both higher education and nonprofit institutions. Now that the Federal S&E Support Survey has been incorporated into Federal Funds for R&D, it is easier to identify and resolve large differences.

R&D plant data are underreported to some extent because of the difficulty some agencies, particularly DOD and NASA, encounter in identifying and reporting these data.

DOD’s respondents report obligations for R&D plant that are funded under the agency’s appropriation for construction, but they can identify only a small portion of the R&D plant support that is within R&D contracts funded from DOD’s appropriation for research, development, testing, and evaluation (RDT&E).

Similarly, NASA respondents cannot separately identify the portions of industrial R&D contracts that apply to R&D plant because these data are subsumed in the R&D data covering industrial performance. NASA R&D plant data for other performing sectors are reported separately. Data Comparability (Changes) Data revisions.

When completing the current year’s survey, agencies naturally revise their estimates for the last year of the previous report—in this case, FY 2024. Sometimes, survey submissions also reflect reappraisals and revisions in classification of various aspects of agencies’ R&D programs; in those instances, NCSES requests that agencies provide revised prior year data to maintain consistency and comparability with the most recent R&D concepts.

For trend comparisons, use the historical data from only the most recent publication, which incorporates changes agencies have made in prior year data to reflect program reclassifications or other corrections. Do not use data published earlier. Changes in survey coverage and population .

For the FYs 2024–25 cycle, one agency known to conduct R&D programs, the Library of Congress, was unable to report and did not provide inputs to estimate data. Changes in questionnaire. No changes were made to the standard and DOD questionnaires for volume 74, FYs 2024–25.

One question was added to the volume 73 standard questionnaire to collect details on FY 2023 and FY 2024 obligations from Public Laws 117-58, 117-167, and 117-169. This information was collected from the DOD through three suboffices that were added under the Fourth Estate’s Office of the Secretary of Defense and presented in these tables under Other defense agencies. These data are available upon request.

For volume 73, the DOD questionnaire, NCSES started collecting Budget Activity 8, Software and Digital Technology Pilot Programs obligations to ensure complete coverage of DOD RDT&E data. Obligations for Budget Activities 7 and 8 were collected as a combined amount. This change appeared on DOD questions 1, 3, 5, 9, 10, 14, 18, 19, 20, and 21.

For volume 73, both questionnaire versions, separate rows for American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and U.S. Virgin Islands were added to the “state” questions (standard questions 12 and 13, DOD questions 13, 14, and 15). Those territories were no longer included under Other U.S. territories as had been the case in previous years.

The Other U.S. territories definition was changed to include only Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Palmyra Atoll, and Wake Island. The survey was redesigned for volume 71 (FYs 2021–22). The Federal S&E Support Survey was integrated as questions 18 and 19 on the standard questionnaire and questions 20 and 21 on the DOD questionnaire.

(NCSES will continue to publish these data separately at https://ncses. nsf. gov/surveys/federal-support-survey/ .)

For volume 71, four other new questions were added to the standard and DOD versions of the questionnaire; for the fiscal year just completed (FY 2021), the questions covered R&D deobligations (standard and DOD question 4), R&D obligations to nonfederal performers by type of agreement (grants and contracts) (standard question 10 and DOD question 11), R&D obligations provided to other federal agencies (standard question 11 and DOD question 12), and R&D and R&D plant obligations to University Affiliated Research Centers (standard question 17 and DOD question 19).

The one new question added solely to the DOD questionnaire (DOD question 6) was about obligations for Small Business Innovation Research and Small Business Technology Transfer for the fiscal year just completed and the current fiscal year at the time of collection (i.e., FYs 2021 and 2022). Many of the other survey questions were reorganized and revised.

For volume 71, some changes were made within the questions for consistency with other NCSES surveys. Among the performer categories, federally funded R&D centers (FFRDCs), which in previous volumes were included among the extramural performers, became one of the intramural performers.

Other changes include the retitling of certain performer categories, where “industry” was changed to “businesses” and “universities and colleges” was changed to “higher education. ” For volume 71, “field of R&D” was used instead of the former “field of science and engineering.

” The survey started collecting field of R&D information for experimental development obligations; previously, field of R&D information was collected only for research obligations. For volume 71, federal obligations for research performed at higher education institutions, by detailed field of R&D, was asked of all agencies.

Previously these data had been collected only from the Department of Agriculture (USDA), DOD, the Department of Energy (DOE), HHS, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), NASA, and NSF. For volume 71, geographic distribution of R&D obligations was asked of all agencies. Previously, these data had only been collected from USDA, the Department of Commerce (DOC), DOD, DOE, HHS, DHS, NASA, and NSF.

Agencies are asked to provide the principal location (state or outlying area) of the work performed by the primary contractor, grantee, or intramural organization; assign the obligations to the location of the headquarters of the U.S. primary contractor, grantee, or intramural organization; or, for DOD agencies, list the funds as undistributed for classified funds.

For volume 71, collection of data on funding type (stimulus and non-stimulus) was limited to question 5 on type of R&D. The Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) accounted for 93% of all COVID-19 pandemic-related R&D in FY 2021 and 94% in the FY 2022 preliminary estimate.

For volume 70 (FYs 2020–21), agencies were requested to report COVID-19 pandemic-related R&D from the agency’s initial appropriations, as well as from any stimulus funds received from the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, plus any other pandemic-related supplemental appropriations.

Two tables in the questionnaire were modified to collect the stimulus and non-stimulus amounts separately (tables 1 and 2), and seven tables in the questionnaire (tables 6. 1, 6. 2, 7.

1, 11. 1, 11. 2, 12.

1, and 13. 1) were added for respondents to specify stimulus and non-stimulus funding by various categories. The data on stimulus funding is reported in volume 70’s data table 132.

BARDA accounted for 66% of all COVID-19 pandemic-related R&D in FY 2020; these obligations primarily include transfers to the other agencies to help facilitate execution of contractual awards under Operation Warp Speed.

For volume 70 (FYs 2020–21), the optional narrative tables that ask for comparisons of the R&D obligations reported in Federal Funds for R&D with corresponding amounts in the Federal S&E Support Survey (standard questionnaire only) were renumbered from tables 6B and 6C to tables 6A and 6B.

In volumes 68 (FYs 2018–19) and 69 (FYs 2019–20), table 6A, which collected information on federal intramural R&D obligations, was deactivated, and agencies were instructed not to complete it. For volumes 66 (FYs 2016–17) and 67 (FYs 2017–18), table 6A (formerly table VI. A) was included, but it was modified so that it no longer collected laboratory names.

Starting with volume 66 (FYs 2016–17), the survey collects 2 federal government fiscal years—actual data for the fiscal year just completed and estimates for the current fiscal year. Previously, the survey also collected projected obligations for the next fiscal year based on the president’s budget request to Congress. For volume 66, data were collected for only 2 fiscal years due to the delayed FY 2018 budget formulation process.

However, after consultation with data users, NCSES determined that the projections were not as useful as the budget authority data presented in the budget request. In volume 66, the survey table numbering was changed from Roman numerals I–XI and, for selected agencies, the letters A–E, were changed to Arabic numerals 1–16. The order of tables remained the same.

In the volume 66 DOD-version of the questionnaire, the definition of major systems development was changed to represent DOD Budget Activities 4 through 6 instead of Budget Activities 4 through 7, and questions relating to funding for Budget Activity 7, Operational Systems Development, were added to the instrument. The survey’s narrative tables 6 and 11 were removed from the DOD-version of the questionnaire.

For volume 65 (FYs 2015–17), the survey reintroduced table VI. A to collect information on federal intramural R&D obligations, including the names and addresses of all federal laboratories that received federal intramural R&D obligations. The table was included in both the standard and DOD questionnaires.

For volume 62 (FYs 2012–14), the survey added table VI. A to the standard questionnaire for that volume only to collect information on FY 2012 federal intramural R&D obligations, including the names and addresses of all federal laboratories that received federal intramural R&D obligations.

In volumes 59 (FYs 2009–11) and 60 (FYs 2010–12), questions relating to funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) were added to the data collection instruments. The survey collected separate outlays and obligations for ARRA and non-ARRA sources of funding, by performer and geography for FYs 2009 and 2010.

Starting with volume 59 (FYs 2009–11), federal funding data were requested in actual dollars (instead of rounded in thousands, as was done through volume 58). Changes in reporting procedures or classification. FY 2024.

For the FY 2025 estimates on volume 74 (FYs 2024–25), the Department of State, the Agency for International Development, and the Agency for Global Media reported minimum amounts of spending on R&D programs due to the suspension of operations. FY 2024. During FY 2024, federal agencies managed a large number of staff turnover resulting in many new respondents during the volume 74 cycle (FYs 2024–25).

Some minor effects on comparability to previous years may have occurred due to changes in interpretation of survey instructions by agency respondents. FY 2023. During the volume 73 cycle (FYs 2023–24), several agencies corrected prior year data.

The Agency for International Development and the Department of Transportation (DOT) corrected undercounts in their FY 2021 and FY 2022 data, DHS’s Science and Technology Directorate corrected its FY 2022 data in respect to University Affiliated Research Centers, and NASA corrected its FY 2021 data. FY 2023. The DHS classification